The aim of this study is to identify and measure the swimming behaviour of waterflea, (Daphnia sp), parameters in light and control treatments and the effects of environmental light variable on swimming behaviour of waterflea. Aquarium calibrated by the specified spatial coordinated paper plate with dimensions (80×10×30 cm) which are used to determine the measurable behavioural indices and investigated waterflea behavioural parameters in captivity. Behavioural parameters such as number of hops, percentage of absolute dispersion and swimming speed significantly increased in light treatment (P<0. 05). And target swimming speed in the light treatment showed no significant change compared to the control treatment. The results showed that the measured parameters were influenced by the ambient light variables. So that changing ambient light conditions caused change in waterflea swimming behaviour and subsequently the effect on behavioural responses (P>0. 05).

Background and Aim: Perceptual abilities like visual reaction time are indicative of cognitive and motor performance in many daily activities. Simple reaction time is a type of reaction time that covers a large part of daily life. The purpose of the present study was to compare simple visual reaction time to red light and green light stimuli.Materials and Methods: Simple visual reaction time of 63 female volunteers to red and green light stimuli were measured by speed anticipation reaction test software. Paired T-test was used for analyzing data.Results: The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between simple visual reaction time of red light stimulus and green light stimulus (P=0.094, t=1.699).Discussion: The present study showed that participants respond similarly to red light and green light stimuli.

Background: The need for a rapid, noninvasive method for unwanted hair removal has led to the development of various light sources for this purpose. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Intense Pulsed Light Source (IPLS) on unwanted hairs. Patients & Methods: In this open, uncontrolled clinical trial, 77 different anatomical areas in 34 referred patients to "Novin Didegan Clinic" in Tehran in 1380-1381, were treated by IPLS at fluencies ranging from 22 to 34 j/cm2 after their demographic data and the number of hairs were recorded. The 3 to 7 treatment sessions were accomplished 4 to 6 weeks apart. All of the patients were followed 6 months after the last therapy. The quantitative data were  analyzed by paired t test. Results: Six months after the last therapy, more than 50% reduction in number of hairs was noted in 80% of the treated areas; with mean reduction of 72±23 percent. Side effects were mild and reversible and occurred in ten patients. Conclusion: The IPLS appears to provide an effective and safe method for long term excess hair removal in various skin types.      

Background & Aim: Impression making is considered as an important step in the fixed prosthodontics.the different impression material and techniques have been supposed to be important in the dimensional changes of dies. Furthermore, the results of different studies in this regard are contradictory. The present study compared the results of two impression making techniques of putty-wash including two-step with space and double -wash using LIGHT and SUPER LIGHT viscosity.Materials & Methods: In this experimentalinvitro study on the laboratory model, 10 impressions were made using two-step putty-wash technique with space and 10 impressions were made using double-wash techniqueby means of LIGHT and SUPER LIGHT viscosity. The impressions were poured using Velmix gypsum after 30 minutes. The height and diameter of the dies without undercut and the distance between two dies were measured 6 times while the variables were measured 3 times in the gypsum models by a blind operator using profile projector with an accuracy of micron. The mean values were calculated and the dimensions of the gypsum laboratory models were statistically analyzed by t- test.Results: The die height was decreased using both techniques of two-step with space and double-wash technique with LIGHT and SUPER LIGHT viscosity. The decrease was more pronounced in the double-wash technique by LIGHT and SUPER LIGHT viscosity. However, no significant differences were found between both techniques (P>0.05). Die diameter without undercut was significantly decreased in the double-wash technique by LIGHT and SUPER LIGHT viscosity (P<0.0001) while it was increased in the two-step technique with spaces. Slight distances were observed between two dies in the two-step impression technique with space. However, the distance between dies were increased using double-wash technique by LIGHT and SUPER LIGHT viscosity with significant differences (P<0.0001).Conclusion: The die diameter was decreased in the impression technique of double-wash using LIGHT and SUPER LIGHT viscosity while the distance between base teeth have been increased in this technique. Therefore, the technique is not accurate and needs more assessments.

Artemisinin is an important medicine for Malaria which has very difficult and expensive chemical synthesis process. Artemisia aucheri Boiss. is very abundant in Iran which has inactive artemisinin biosynthesis genes. The purpose of the current study is to activate artemisinin biosynthesis genes using various light stimulus. Murashing and Skoog (MS) solid medium was used for tissue culture without plant growth regulators. Plants seedling and callus were placed under sterile condition at 25±oC and exposed to different light treatment and UV irradiation. The control group was located under light condition similar to the sunlight. Plant callus was subculture per 3 weeks for 5 months. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to determine of artemisinin in the dichloromethanolic extracts of plant or callus. The results were showed that the artemisinin produced in the 3000 lux treated seedling and callus that were exposed to UV-B 340nm irradiation. The production of artemisinin in Artemisia aucheri Boiss.is reported based on the qualitative evaluations (TLC). Conducting a bigger number and more accurate experiments are necessary in this field regarding quantitative measurements.

Climatic factors affect the production of secondary metabolites. Phenols and flavonoids are the most important secondary compounds. This research was aimed to investigate the effects of light at different frequencies on the production of phenols and flavonoids in Artemisia aucheri Boiss. Murashige and Skoog solid culture medium was used without growth regulators. The culture media were placed in the room culture under sterile conditions, a temperature of 25 ± 2° C and different light conditions with various treatments. Different light intensities of 1000, 2000, and 3000 lux were the light conditions of the experiment. In addition, the UV radiation treatment with intensity of 320 nm and darkness treatment were considered. Phenols and flavonoid were measured by spectrometric method. For data analysis and drawing diagrams, SPSS version 20 and Excel software were used. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and the means were compared with Tukey's post-test at P≤ 0. 05. According to the results, the UV radiation affected the production of phenols and flavonoids, so that it reduced the amount of flavonoids and increased the phenols content. The effect of light was different and further investigation is required. Different results were also obtained for calli. Therefore, it could be concluded that light and particularly UV radiation affected the production of a number of secondary compounds (phenols and flavonoids), and the effects of this environmental factor should be taken into consideration.